Domestic Electric Circuits
In our homes, we receive supply of electric power through a main supply (called mains), either through overhead electric poles or by underground cables.
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One of the wires in this supply, usually with red red insulation cover, is called live wire. Another wire with black insulation, is called neutral wire. In India, the potential difference between two wires is 220 Volts. In US and Canada use a supply voltage of 120 Volts. At the meter-board in the house, these wires pass into an electricity meter
through a main fuse. Though a main switch they are connected the line wires in
the house. These wires supply electricity to separate circuits within the
house. Often two separate circuits are used, one of 15 Amp current rating
for appliances with high power ratings such as geysers, air conditioner, microwave oven etc. The
other circuit is of 5 Amp current rating for bulbs, fans etc. The earth wire
which has insulation of green colour, is usually connected to a metal plate
deep in the earth near the house (usually called as Earthing). Earthing is used
as a safety measure, especially for those appliances that have a metal body
such as Electric Press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator, air conditioner etc. The
metallic body is connected to a earth wire, which provides a low resistance
conducting path for the current. Thus, it ensures that any leakage of current to
the metallic body of the appliance keeps its potential to that of the earth,
and the user may not get a severe electric shock.
Domestic Electric Circuit
Above Figure shows a schematic diagram of one of the common domestic circuits. In each separate circuit, different appliances can be connected across the live and neutral wires. Each appliance has a separate switch to "ON"/"OFF" the flow of current through it. In order that each appliance has equal potential difference, they are connected to each other.
Each fuse is an important component of all domestic circuits. A fuse in a circuit prevents damage to the appliances and the circuit due to overloading. Overloading can occur when the live wire and the neutral wire come into the direct contact. (This occurs when the insulation of wires is damaged or there is a fault in the appliance). In such a situation, the current in the circuit abruptly increases. This is called short circuiting. The use of an electric fuse by stopping the flow of unduly high electric current. The Joule heating that takes place in the fuse melts it to break the electric circuit. Overloading can also occur due to an accidental hike in the supply voltage. Sometimes overloading is caused by connecting too many appliances to a single socket.
यह भी पढ़ें: What is Earthing and Types of Earthing in Hindi
5 Amp current rating appliance
15 Amp current appliance
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